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IQ Classifications

By Pratyush kumar




IQ score ranges (from DSM-IV): 

  • Mild mental retardation: IQ 50–55 to 70; children require mild support; formally called "Educable Mentally Retarded".

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  • Moderate retardation: IQ 35–40 to 50–55; children require moderate supervision and assistance; formally called "Trainable Mentally Retarded".

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  • Severe mental retardation: IQ 20–25 to 35–40; can be taught basic life skills and simple tasks with supervision.

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  • Profound mental retardation: IQ below 20–25; usually caused by a neurological condition; require constant care.

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    National Health Committees

    By Pratyush kumar


    Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
    1. BHORE COMMITTEE. 1946.
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    This committee, known as the Health Survey & Development Committee, was appointed in 1943 with Sir Joseph Bhore as its Chairman. It laid emphasis on integration
    of curative and preventive medicine at all levels. It made comprehensive recommendations for remodeling of health services in India. The report, submitted in 1946, had
    some important recommendations like :-

    1.Integration of preventive and curative services of all administrative levels.

    2. Development of Primary Health Centres in 2 stages :
    a. Short-term measure – one primary health centre as suggested for a population of 40,000. Each PHC was to be manned by 2 doctors, one nurse, four public health
    nurses, four midwives, four trained dais, two sanitary inspectors, two health assistants, one pharmacist and fifteen other class IV employees. Secondary health centre
    was also envisaged to provide support to PHC, and to coordinate and supervise their functioning.

    b. A long-term programme (also called the 3 million plan) of setting up primary health units with 75 – bedded hospitals for each 10,000 to 20,000 population and
    secondary units with 650 – bedded hospital, again regionalised around district hospitals with 2500 beds.

    3. Major changes in medical education which includes 3 - month training in preventive and social medicine to prepare “social physicians”.
    2. MUDALIAR COMMITTEE. 1962.
    This committee known as the “Health Survey and Planning Committee”, headed by Dr. A.L. Mudaliar, was appointed to assess the performance in health sector since
    the submission of Bhore Committee report. This committee found the conditions in PHCs to be unsatisfactory and suggested that the PHC, already established
    should be strengthened before new ones are opened.

    Strengthening of sub divisional and district hospitals was also advised. It was emphasised that a PHC should not be made to cater to more than 40,000 population and
    that the curative, preventive and promotive services should be all provided at the PHC. The Mudaliar Committee also recommended that an All India Health service should
    be created to replace the erstwhile Indian Medical service.

    3. CHADHA COMMITTEE, 1963.
    This committee was appointed under chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Chadha, the then Director General of Health Services, to advise about the necessary arrangements for
    the maintenance phase of National Malaria Eradication Programme. The committee suggested that the vigilance activity in the NMEP should be carried out by basic
    health workers (one per 10,000 population), who would function as multipurpose workers and would perform, in addition to malaria work, the duties of family planning
    and vital statistics data collection under supervision of family planning health assistants.
    4. MUKHERJEE COMMITTEE. 1965.
    The recommendations of the Chadha Committee, when implemented, were found to be impracticable because the basic health workers, with their multiple functions
    could do justice neither to malaria work nor to family planning work. The Mukherjee committee headed by the then Secretary of Health Shri Mukherjee, was appointed
    to review the performance in the area of family planning. The committee recommended separate staff for the family planning programme. The family planning
    assistants were to undertake family planning duties only. The basic health workers were to be utilised for purposes other than family planning. The committee
    also recommended to delink the malaria activities from family planning so that the latter would received undivided attention of its staff.
    5. MUKHERJEE COMMITTEE. 1966.
    Multiple activities of the mass programmes like family planning, small pox, leprosy, trachoma, NMEP (maintenance phase), etc. were making it difficult for the states
    to undertake these effectively because of shortage of funds. A committee of state health secretaries, headed by the Union Health Secretary, Shri Mukherjee, was set
    up to look into this problem. The committee worked out the details of the Basic Health Service which should be provided at the Block level, and some
    consequential strengthening required at higher levels of administration.
    6. JUNGALWALLA COMMITTEE, 1967.
    This committee, known as the “Committee on Integration of Health Services” was set up in 1964 under the chairmanship of Dr. N Jungalwalla, the then Director of
    National Institute of Health Administration and Education (currently NIHFW). It was asked to look into various problems related to integration of health services,
    abolition of private practice by doctors in government services, and the service conditions of Doctors. The committee defined “integrated health services” as :-

    a.
    A service with a unified approach for all problems instead of a segmented approach for different problems.
     
    b.
    Medical care and public health programmes should be put under charge of a single administrator at all levels of hierarchy.

    Following steps were recommended for the integration at all levels of health organisation in the country

    1Unified Cadre
      
    2Common Seniority
      
    3Recognition of extra qualifications
      
    4Equal pay for equal work
      
    5Special pay for special work
      
    6Abolition of private practice by government doctors
      
    7Improvement in their service conditions

    7. KARTAR SINGH COMMITTEE. 1973.
    This committee, headed by the Additional Secretary of Health and titled the "Committee on multipurpose workers under Health and Family Planning" was constituted to
    form a framework for integration of health and medical services at peripheral and supervisory levels. Its main recommendations were :-

    a. Various categories of peripheral workers should be amalgamated into a single cadre of multipurpose workers (male and female). The erstwhile auxiliary nurse
    midwives were to be converted into MPW(F) and the basic health workers, malaria surveillance workers etc. were to be converted to MPW(M). The work of 3-4 male
    and female MPWs was to be supervised by one health supervisor (male or female respectively). The existing lady health visitors were to be converted into female health supervisor.

    b One Primary Health Centre should cover a population of 50,000. It should be divided into 16 subcentres (one for 3000 to 3500 population) each to be staffed by a
    male and a female health worker.

    8. SHRIVASTAV COMMITTEE. 1975.
    This committee was set up in 1974 as "Group on Medical Education and Support Manpower" to determine steps needed to (i) reorient medical education in accordance
    with national needs & priorities and (ii) develop a curriculum for health assistants who were to function as a link between medical officers and MPWs. It recommended immediate action for :

    1. Creation of bonds of paraprofessional and semiprofessional health workers from within the community itself.

    2. Establishment of 3 cadres of health workers namely – multipurpose health workers and health assistants between the community level workers and doctors at PHC.

    3. Development of a “Refferal Services Complex”

    4. Establishment of a Medical and Health Education Commission for planning and implementing the reforms needed in health and medical education on the lines of
    University Grants Commission.

    Acceptance of the recommendations of the Shrivastava Committee in 1977 led to the launching of the Rural Health Service.
    9. BAJAJ COMMITTEE, 1986.
    An "Expert Committee for Health Manpower Planning, Production and Management" was constituted in 1985 under Dr. J.S. Bajaj, the then professor at AIIMS. Major recommendations are :-

    1.Formulation of National Medical & Health Education Policy.
      
    2.Formulation of National Health Manpower Policy.
      
    3.Establishment of an Educational Commission for Health Sciences (ECHS) on the lines of UGC.
      
    4.Establishment of Health Science Universities in various states and union territories.
      
    5.Establishment of health manpower cells at centre and in the states.
      
    6.
    Vocationalisation of education at 10+2 levels as regards health related fields with appropriate incentives, so that good quality paramedical personnel may be
    available in adequate numbers.
      
    7.Carrying out a realistic health manpower survey.

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    Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 and 2012

    By Pratyush kumar

    Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

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    forensic medicine - toxicology - plant toxin -- picture

    By Pratyush kumar

    ricinus communis 
    (castor plant, arandi)
    (ricin)




    croton tiglium (jamalgota)

    crotin

    fatal dose 3-4  seeds











    atropa belladona










    yellow oleander



    abrus precatorius

    sin needle (sui)
    abrin




     semecarpus anacardium 

    ( marking nut)

    semicarpol

    calotropis

    calotropin

    used as :-
    cattle poison
    arrow poison
    artificial bruise































    dhatura

    (hyoscyamine,
    hyoscine ,
    scopolamine)






    cannabis (hashish, marijuana)

    bhang- dried leaves
    ganja- flowering tops of female plant
    charas- resinous exudates of leaves and stem







    nux vomica

    strychnine and brucine






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    WHO Annual events schedule

    By Pratyush kumar


    Annual events


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    Census 2011

    By Pratyush kumar


    Category:

    RNTCP LATEST CHANGES 2011

    By Pratyush kumar





    salient points


    1.Now only 2 categories are included,third one is removed.....ie.CAT I and CAT II
    CAT I : New cases irrespective if their status
    CAT II : Previously Treated case with Treatment Failure


    2.Sputum samples collected are only "2"


    if one of two samples is positive then it is sputum smear positive
    Cough for even 1 day duration should be screened for TB


    XDR TB includes resistance to INH+Rifampicin+Injectables+Flouroquinolones




    RNTCP LATEST CHANGES

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